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This leaves only one edge of the PBA free to flex from shock and vibration or to bow from residual manufacturing or assembly stress in the PBA However, a handle along the free edge of the PBA or a restraining bar can be located across the center of the free edge of the PBA and mechanically attached for support at the ends of the restraining bar to the PBA mounting hardware (card cage) Generally, the mating edge-board connector has a molded-plastic body that provides mechanical support to the mated edge-board connector and has sufficient compliance in the electrical contacts to maintain good electrical connections within the connector s performance specifications Mechanically mounted PBAs can be more of a shock and vibration concern for three main reasons: 1 The PBA can be very large, sometimes as large as 600 mm2.

More frequently, the maximum width is 430 mm (the width of a standard electronic chassis) and less than 600 mm long Although most are less than 300 mm2, this still creates a large area and can be a problem if unsupported 2 The PBA is misused as a mechanical support structure for high-mass components, such as magnetic components (iron-cored transformers and inductors), power supplies, and large (in physical size) function modules 3 The PBA is not included in the mechanical design definition 15623.

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Major Shock and Vibration Concerns. These include the following:

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Flexing between PBAs may cause shorts between adjacent PBAs or to the enclosure. The fundamental mode is the primary mode of concern because it has the large displacements that cause fatigue damage to solder joints, component leads, and connector contacts. Continuous flexing of a PBA will fracture component leads and, more important, surfacemounted component solder joints, due to mechanical fatigue failure. (Mechanically induced flexing or vibration in assembled PBs is used under controlled conditions to induce failures in solder joints for quality and reliability studies.) Movement of a PBA within its mechanical guides will be amplified due to shock and vibration resonance or harmonic resonance.

PB2(14)

47713 Laser Criteria for Soldering The choice of a laser for soldering is predicated on emission wavelength, required power, required beam diameter, machine reliability, and price The optical properties of the target material are of primary importance in the laser selection process In the case of surface-mount soldering, the absorption, reflection, and transmission characteristics of the PWB laminate as well as the reflectivity and absorptivity of the metallics (leads, pads, and solder) involved in the soldering process must be considered The majority of circuit boards produced are composed of fiber-reinforced epoxy resin, although there are others Each laminate has its own unique optical properties and characteristic laser damage threshold (LDT) LDT can be defined as the energy required to alter or damage the target material.

In the case of an organic-based laminate PWB, it would be the laser energy necessary to char the board or cause the bonding pads to lift from the surface Most any lead-pad surface finish on most any circuit board material can be soldered For the purpose of this section s discussion, the focus will be on industry-standard glass-epoxy laminate and most any solder, be it lead-bearing or lead-free 47714 Laser Choices There are few practical choices for laser selection, since only a few possess the characteristic energy, production-tested reliability, and economics necessary for PWB assembly The most common are the neodymium drifted yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, an example of a solid-state laser, and the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, which has a gaseous lasing mediumThese two types of laser are among the most common of the industrial lasers.

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Each has been on manufacturing floors in various industries since the early 1980s They are versatile in terms of applications and capable of the output required to weld, braze, solder, cut, and mark Although other lasers could be used for soldering, the Nd:YAG and CO2 types are the most commonly available They have proven track records and are also the most commonly reported in terms of application to soldering 47715 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Lasers In the case of the CO2 laser, there are mirrors at both ends of the tube that contains the lasing gas a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen (N2), and helium (He) Each of the components of the mixture helps in the lasing process The CO2 is the lasing medium.

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